============================================================ GENERAL ============================================================ OPTION VERSION "HAARDT" REM INTERNAL ID: H14 REM DESCRIPTION: bas 2.4 by Michael Haardt REM REFERENCE: BAS REM by by Michael Haardt REM (c) 2014, by Michael Haardt REM http://www.moria.de/~michael/bas/ REM bas-2.4.tar.gz REM OPTION STRICT OFF OPTION ANGLE RADIANS OPTION BUGS ON OPTION LABELS OFF OPTION COMPARE BINARY OPTION COVERAGE OFF OPTION TRACE OFF OPTION ERROR GOTO OPTION IMPLICIT OPTION BASE 0 OPTION RECLEN 1 OPTION DATE "%m/%d/%Y" OPTION TIME "%H:%M:%S" OPTION PUNCT STRING "$" OPTION PUNCT DOUBLE "#" OPTION PUNCT SINGLE "!" OPTION PUNCT CURRENCY " " OPTION PUNCT LONG " " OPTION PUNCT INTEGER "%" OPTION PUNCT BYTE " " OPTION PUNCT QUOTE """ OPTION PUNCT COMMENT "'" OPTION PUNCT STATEMENT ":" OPTION PUNCT PRINT "?" OPTION PUNCT INPUT " " OPTION PUNCT IMAGE " " OPTION PUNCT LPAREN "(" OPTION PUNCT RPAREN ")" OPTION PUNCT FILENUM "#" OPTION PUNCT AT " " OPTION USING DIGIT "#" OPTION USING COMMA "," OPTION USING PERIOD "." OPTION USING PLUS "+" OPTION USING MINUS "-" OPTION USING EXRAD "^" OPTION USING DOLLAR "$" OPTION USING FILLER "*" OPTION USING LITERAL "_" OPTION USING FIRST "!" OPTION USING ALL "&" OPTION USING LENGTH "\" ============================================================ COMMANDS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: AS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: BYE DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CALL subname( [parameter [, ...] ] ) DESCRIPTION: Calls a subroutine that was defined by SUB and END SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE constant [TO constant] DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE IF operator constant DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE IS operator constant DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE ELSE DESCRIPTION: Introduces a default SELECT CASE element. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CLEAR DESCRIPTION: Sets all numeric variables to 0, and all string variables to empty strings. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: COPY source$ TO target$ DESCRIPTION: Copy an exisitng file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DATA constant [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Stores numeric and string constants to be accessed by READ. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEC variable [,...] DESCRIPTION: Decrement a numeric variable. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFDBL letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFINT letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFSTR letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as string variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DELETE line [- line] DESCRIPTION: Deletes program lines indicated by the argument(s). All program lines have a number, which is visible with the LIST command. If line numbers are not provided, they are assigned beginning with 1. Deleting a non-existing line does not cause an error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DIM [# filenum,] variable([ lower TO ] upper) DESCRIPTION: Declares variables and specifies the dimensions of array variables. For array variables, if the lower bound is not provided, then the OPTION BASE value is used. If filenum is provided, then the variable is virtual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DISPLAY source$ DESCRIPTION: Display an exisitng text file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is non-zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. If the loop is not terminated by EXIT DO or LOOP UNTIL or LOOP WHILE, then it will loop forever. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ELSE DESCRIPTION: Introduces a default condition in a multi-line IF statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ELSEIF DESCRIPTION: Introduces a secondary condition in a multi-line IF statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END DESCRIPTION: Terminates program execution. If the BASIC program was executed from the operating system level, then control returns to the operating system, oterwise control reuturns to the BASIC prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END FUNCTION DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line FUNCTION definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END IF DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line IF definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END SELECT DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SELECT CASE definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END SUB DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SUB definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ERASE variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Eliminates arrayed variables from a program. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT DO DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most DO-LOOP strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT FOR DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most FOR-NEXT strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT FUNCTION DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line FUNCTION strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT REPEAT DESCRIPTION: Exit a REPEAT - UNTIL structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT SUB DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line SUB strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FIELD [#] filenum, number AS variable$ [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Assigns number bytes in the buffer of random file filenum to the variable variable$. GET will automatically update the variable, and PUT will automatically use the variable. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FOR variable = start TO finish [STEP increment] DESCRIPTION: Top of a FOR - NEXT structure. The loop will continue a fixed number of times, which is determined by the values of start, finish, and increment. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FUNCTION [ ( parameter [, ... ] ) ] DESCRIPTION: Top line of a multi-line FUNCTION definition. The variable names specified are local to the FUNCTION definition, and are initialized BYVAL when the function is invoked by another routine. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GET # file_number , [ byte_number ] , scalar [,...] DESCRIPTION: Gets one (or more) values from a BINARY file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GET # file_number [ , record_number ] DESCRIPTION: Gets one (or more) values from a RANDOM file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO SUB line DESCRIPTION: Initiates a subroutine call to the line specified. The subroutine must end with RETURN. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO TO line DESCRIPTION: Branches program execution to the specified line. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GOSUB line DESCRIPTION: Initiates a subroutine call to the line specified. The subroutine must end with RETURN. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GOTO line DESCRIPTION: Branches program execution to the specified line. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: IF value THEN line1 [ELSE line2] DESCRIPTION: Single line standard IF command. If the value is non-zero, then branh to line1. If the value is zero and ELSE is provided, then branch to line2. Otherwise continue to the next line. LABELS are not allowed. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: IF value THEN DESCRIPTION: Top of a multi-line IF - END IF structure. If the value is non-zero, then the program lines upto the next ELSE or ELSE IF command are executed, otherwise the program branches to the next ELSE or ELSE IF command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: IMAGE "format string" DESCRIPTION: Provides format string for PRINT USING linenum. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INC variable [,...] DESCRIPTION: Increment a numeric variable. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT "prompt string" , variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the terminal after displaying a prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT # filenum , variable [, ...]s DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the file specified by filenum. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the terminal. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: [LET] variable [, ...] = value DESCRIPTION: Assigns the value to the variable. The LET keyword is optional. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LINE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LINE INPUT [[#] filenum,]["prompt string";] variable$ DESCRIPTION: Reads entire line from the keyboard or a file into variable$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LIST line1 [- line2] DESCRIPTION: Lists BASIC program lines from line1 to line2 to the console on stdout. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LLIST line1 [- line2] DESCRIPTION: Lists BASIC program lines from line1 to line2 to the printer on stderr. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOAD [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Loads an ASCII BASIC program into memory. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOCAL [# filenum,] variable([ lower TO ] upper) DESCRIPTION: Declares variables and specifies the dimensions of array variables. For array variables, if the lower bound is not provided, then the OPTION BASE value is used. If filenum is provided, then the variable is virtual. Only supported inside a FUNCTION or SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is nonz-zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. If the loop is not terminated by EXIT DO or DO UNTIL or DO WHILE, then it will loop forever. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LPRINT [USING format-string$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Send output to the printer (stderr). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LSET variable$ = value DESCRIPTION: Left-aligns the value into variable$. If the length of the value is too short, then it is padded on the right with spaces. If the length of the value is too long, then it is truncated on the right. This is only for use with variables assigned to a random access buffer with FIELD command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DESCRIPTION: This command is reserved for use by the Bywater BASIC maintainer. It is not for the BASIC programmer. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS HTML DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND vs VERSION as HTML table ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS ID DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND #define. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND manual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS_SWITCH DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND switch. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS TABLE DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG OFF DESCRIPTION: Disable degug tracing. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG ON DESCRIPTION: Enable degug tracing. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS HTML DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION vs VERSION as HTML table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS ID DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION #define. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION manual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS SWITCH DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION switch. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS TABLE DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump manual for the currently selected OPTION VERSION. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER STACK DESCRIPTION: Dump the BASIC stack. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAT arrayname = value DESCRIPTION: Matrix operations: MAT A = CON MAT A = IDN MAT A = ZER MAT A = INV B MAT A = TRN B MAT A = (k) * B MAT A = B MAT A = B + C MAT A = B - C MAT A = B * C ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAT INPUT arrayname DESCRIPTION: Matrix input. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAT PRINT arrayname DESCRIPTION: Matrix print. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAT READ arrayname DESCRIPTION: Matrix read. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAT WRITE arrayname DESCRIPTION: Matrix write. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MID$( variable$, start [, count ] ) = value DESCRIPTION: Replaces a subtring of variable$ with value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NAME old$ AS new$ DESCRIPTION: Changes the name of an existing file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NEW DESCRIPTION: Deletes the program in memory and clears all variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NEXT [variable] DESCRIPTION: The bottom line of a FOR - NEXT structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON value GOSUB line [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Calls based on the rounded value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON value GOTO line [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Branches based on the rounded value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR GOTO errline DESCRIPTION: When a trappable error occurs, execute GOTO errline. The error handler must terminate with a RESUME command. If the line number is 0 (zerp), then use the default error handler. Valid when OPTION ERROR GOTO. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR RESUME DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR RESUME NEXT DESCRIPTION: When a trappable error occurs, execution continues with the next line. Valid when OPTION ERROR GOTO. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPEN filename$ FOR INPUT|OUTPUT|APPEND|BINARY|RANDOM|VIRTUAL AS [#] fileenumber [LEN [=] record-length] DESCRIPTION: Opens a file for use. RANDOM requires LEN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE DEGREES DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in degrees: ACOS, ACS, ANGLE, ARCSIN, ASIN, ASN, ARCTAN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE GRADIANS DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in gradians: ACOS, ANGLE, ASIN, ASN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE RADIANS DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in radians: ACOS, ANGLE, ASIN, ASN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC DECIMAL DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC FIXED DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC NATIVE DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BASE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the default lowest array subscript. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS BOOLEAN DESCRIPTION: Boolean results are 1 or 0 instead of bitwise. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables bugs commonly found in many BASIC dialects. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS ON DESCRIPTION: Enables bugs commonly found in many BASIC dialects. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE BINARY DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-sensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE DATABASE DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-insensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE TEXT DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-insensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables BASIC code coverage recording, displayed using the LIST command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE ON DESCRIPTION: Enables BASIC code coverage recording, displayed using the LIST command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DATE format$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the date format string used by C strftime() for DATE$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DIGITS integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the number of significant digits for PRINT. Setting the value to zero restores the default. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE COMMAND name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE FUNCTION name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC function. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE OPERATOR name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC operator. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EDIT string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the EDIT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE COMMAND name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE FUNCTION name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC function. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE OPERATOR name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC operator. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR GOSUB DESCRIPTION: When an error occurs, GOSUB to the error handler. The error handler exits with RETURN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR GOTO DESCRIPTION: When an error occurs, GOTO to the error handler. The error handler exits with RESUME. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EXPLICIT DESCRIPTION: All variables must be declared using DIM. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EXTENSION string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the BASIC filename extension, commonly ".bas". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION FILES string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the FILES command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION IMPLICIT DESCRIPTION: Variables need not be declared using DIM, provided arrays have no more that 10 elements. This is the opposite of OPTION EXPLICIT, and is the default for all versions of BASIC. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION INDENT integer DESCRIPTION: Sets indention level for LIST. Zero means no indention. Default is 2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables text labels. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS ON DESCRIPTION: Enables text labels. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PROMPT string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the BASIC prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT AT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the PRINT AT character, commonly "@". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT BYTE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type BYTE, commonly "~". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT COMMENT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut COMMENT character. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT CURRENCY char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type CURRENCY, commonly "@". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT DOUBLE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type DOUBLE, commonly "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT FILENUM char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the FILE NUMBER prefix character, commonly "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT IMAGE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut IMAGE character, commonly ":". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT INPUT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut INPUT character, commonly "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT INTEGER char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type INTEGER, commonly "%". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT LONG char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type LONG, commonly "&". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT LPAREN char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the LEFT PARENTHESIS character, commonly "(". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT_PRINT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut PRINT character, commonly "?". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT QUOTE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the QUOTE character, commonly """ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT RPAREN char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the RIGHT PARENTHESIS character, commonly ")". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT SINGLE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type SINGLE, commonly "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT STATEMENT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the statement seperator character, commonly ":". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT STRING char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type STRING, commonly "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION RECLEN integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the default RANDOM record length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION RENUM string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the RENUM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND BANK DESCRIPTION: Round using the Banker rule. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND MATH DESCRIPTION: Round using mathematical rules. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND TRUNCATE DESCRIPTION: Round using truncation. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION SCALE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the number of digits to round after the decimal point for PRINT. Setting the value to zero disables rounding. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION SLEEP double DESCRIPTION: Sets multiplier for SLEEP and WAIT. Zero means no waiting. Default is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDERR filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDERR, which is used by LPRINT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDIN filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDIN, which is used by INPUT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDOUT filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDOUT, which is used by PRINT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables checking for implicit array creation without using the DIM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT ON DESCRIPTION: Enables checking for implicit array creation without using the DIM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL ADM DESCRIPTION: Enables ADM-3A terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL ANSI DESCRIPTION: Enables ANSI terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL NONE DESCRIPTION: Disables terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TIME format$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the time format string used by C strftime() for TIME$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables displaying a stack trace when an ERROR occurs. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE ON DESCRIPTION: Enables displaying a stack trace when an ERROR occurs. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING ALL char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic ALL character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "&". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING COMMA char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic COMMA character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is ",". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DIGIT char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic DIGIT character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DOLLAR char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic DOLLAR character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING EXRAD char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic EXRAD character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "^". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING FILLER char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic FILLER character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "*". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING FIRST char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic FIRST character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING LENGTH char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic LENGTH character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "\". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING LITERAL char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic LITERAL character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "_". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING MINUS char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic MINUS character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "-". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING PERIOD char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic PERIOD character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is ".". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING PLUS char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic PLUS character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "+". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION VERSION version$ DESCRIPTION: Selects a specific BASIC version, which is a combination of OPTION settings, commands, functions and operators. If no version is specified, displays a list of the available versions. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ZONE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the PRINT zone width. Setting the value to zero restores the default. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PRINT # filenum , [USING format$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Sends output to a file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PRINT [USING format$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Sends output to the screen. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PUT # file_number , [ byte_number ] , scalar [,...] DESCRIPTION: Puts one (or more) values into a BINARY file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PUT # file_number [ , record_number ] DESCRIPTION: Puts one (or more) values into a RANDOM file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: READ variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads values from DATA statements. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: REM ... DESCRIPTION: Remark. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RENAME from$ TO to$ DESCRIPTION: Rename a file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RENUM DESCRIPTION: Implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: REPEAT DESCRIPTION: Top of a REPEAT - UNTIL structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESTORE [line] DESCRIPTION: Resets the line used for the next READ statement. line may be either a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to ERL. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME line DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to the specified line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME NEXT DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to the line after ERL. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME 0 DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to ERL. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RETURN DESCRIPTION: Concludes a subroutine called by GOSUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RSET variable$ = value DESCRIPTION: Right-aligns the value into variable$. If the length of the value is too short, then it is padded on the left with spaces. If the length of the value is too long, then it is truncated on the right. This is only for use with variables assigned to a random access buffer with FIELD command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN filename$ DESCRIPTION: Loads a new BAASIC program and executes the program from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN line DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory beginning at line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SAVE [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Saves the current program into the file filename$ in ASCII format. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SELECT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SELECT CASE value DESCRIPTION: Introduces a multi-line conditional selection statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: STEP DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: STOP DESCRIPTION: Interrupts program execution and displays the line number of the STOP command. For use when debugging BASIC programs. Whether STOP issues a SIGINT signal is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUB name [ ( parameter [,...] ) ] DESCRIPTION: Top line of a multi-line SUB definition. The variable names specified are local to the SUB definition, and are initialized BYVAL when the subroutine is invoked by another routine. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUB END DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SUB definition. Same as END SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUB EXIT DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line SUB strucure. Same as EXIT SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUBEND DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SUB definition. Same as END SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUBEXIT DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line SUB strucure. Same as EXIT SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SWAP variable, variable DESCRIPTION: Swaps the values of two variables. Both variables must be of the same type. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: THEN DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TO DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a REPEAT - UNTIL. If the value is non-zero, then the loop is terminated. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WEND DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a WHILE - WEND structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Top of a WHILE - WEND structure. If the value is non-zero, then the loop is terminated. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WRITE # filenum, value [, .... ] DESCRIPTION: Outputs value to a file. Strings are quoted and each value is seperated by a omma. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WRITE value [, .... ] DESCRIPTION: Outputs value to the screen. Strings are quoted and each value is seperated by a comma. ------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================ FUNCTIONS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ABS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The absolute value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASC( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The numeric code for the first letter in A$. For example, ASC("ABC") returns 65 on ASCII systems. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ATN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arctangent of X in radians, i.e. the angle whose tangent is X, where -PI/2 < ATN(X) < PI/2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = BIN$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The the binary (base 2) representation of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = BIN$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The the binary (base 2) representation of X. The result will be at least Y digits long. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CHDIR( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Changes to the directory named to A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CHR$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The one-character string with the character corresponding to the numeric code X. On ASCII systems, CHR$(65) returns "A". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CINT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The short (16-bit) integer value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLOSE DESCRIPTION: Close all open files. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLOSE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Close file number X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLS DESCRIPTION: Clears the screen. Cursor is positioned at row 1, column 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CODE( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The numeric code for the first letter in A$. For example, CODE("ABC") returns 65 on ASCII systems. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COLOR( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Sets the foreground text color to X, and the background text color to Y. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = COMMAND$ DESCRIPTION: All command line parameters, concatenated with one space between each. Support for parameters varies by operating system, compiler, and so on. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = COMMAND$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The command line parameters. COMMAND$(0) is the BASIC program name. COMMAND$(1) is the first parameter after the BASIC program name, and so on. Support for parameters varies by operating system, compiler, and so on. X in [0..9] ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cosine of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVD( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(DBL) DESCRIPTION: The double-precision value in A$, which was created by MKD$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVI( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(INT) DESCRIPTION: The short (16-bit) integer value in A$, which was created by MKI$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVS( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(FLT) DESCRIPTION: The single-precision value in A$, which was created by MKS$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = DATE$ DESCRIPTION: The current date based on the internal clock as a string in the format set by OPTION DATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DEG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of degrees in X radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DET DESCRIPTION: The determinant of the last MAT INV. Zero means error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = EDIT$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Edits the characters of A$, according to the bits set in X. 1 = discard parity bit. 2 = discard all spaces. 4 = discard all carriage returns, line feeds, form feeds, deletes, escapes and nulls. 8 = discard leading spaces. 16 = replace multiple spaces with one space. 32 = change lower case to upper case. 64 = change [ to ( and change ] to ). 128 = discard trailing spacess. 256 = suppress editing within quotes. The order in which edits occur is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ENVIRON( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Sends the environment variable expression contained in A$ to the host operating system. A$ must contain the "=" character. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = ENVIRON$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The value of the environment variable named A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = EOF( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: If device number X is at the end-of-file, then -1, otherwise 0. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERL DESCRIPTION: The line number of the most recent error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERR DESCRIPTION: The error number of the most recent error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = EXP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The exponential value of X, i.e., the value of the base of natural logarithms (e = 2.71828) raised to the power of X; if EXP(X) is less that machine infinitesimal, then its value shall be replaced with zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FALSE DESCRIPTION: The value of FALSE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FIX( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The truncated integer, part of X. FIX (X) is equivalent to SGN(X)*INT(ABS(X)). The major difference between FIX and INT is that FIX does not return the next lower number for negative X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The fractional part of X, i.e. X - IP(X). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FRAC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The fractional part of X, i.e. X - IP(X). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FREEFILE DESCRIPTION: The next available file number. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = GET( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, gets the next available record. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = GET( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, gets record number Y. The first record number is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = HEX$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The the hexadecimal (base 16) representation of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = HEX$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The the hexadecimal (base 16) representation of X. The result will be at least Y digits long. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = HOME DESCRIPTION: Clears the screen. Cursor is positioned at row 1, column 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = INKEY$ DESCRIPTION: The keypress, if available. If a keypress is not available, then immediately returns an empty string. If not supported by the platform, then always returns an empty string, so use INPUT$(1) instead. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The value read from machine port X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = INPUT$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The string of X characters, read from the terminal. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = INPUT$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The string of X characters, read from file Y. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INSTR( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The position at which B$ occurs in A$, beginning at position 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INSTR( A$, B$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The position at which B$ occurs in A$, beginning at position X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INSTR( X, A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The position at which B$ occurs in A$, beginning at position X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The largest integer not greater than X; e.g. INT(1.3) = 1 and INT(-1.3) = 2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INT%( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The rounded integer valuet of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = IP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The integer part of X, i.e., SGN(X)*INT(ABS(X)). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = KILL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Removes the file named in A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LCASE$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters from the value associatedwith A$ by replacing each upper-case-letter in the string by its lower-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LEFT$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The X left-most characters of A$, beginning from postion 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LEN( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The length of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The location of file X; the next record that GET or PUT statements will use. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOCATE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Locates the cursor to row X, column Y. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOCK( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Lock file number X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOF( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The length of file X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The natural logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG10( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The common logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG2( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The base 2 logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LOWER$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters from the value associatedwith A$ by replacing each upper-case-letter in the string by its lower-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LTRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by deleting all leading space characters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MATCH( A$, B$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The character position, within the value assocated with A$, of the first character of the first occurence of the value associated with B$, starting at the Xth character of A$. If there is not such occurence, then the value returned is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAX( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The larger of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MID$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MID$( A$, X, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The Y characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MIN( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The smaller of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKD$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINDBL,MAXDBL] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MKDIR( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Makes the directory named in A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKI$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of the short (16-bit) integer X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKS$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINFLT,MAXFLT] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = OCT$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The the octal (base 8) representation of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = OCT$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The the octal (base 8) representation of X. The result will be at least Y digits long. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = OPEN( A$, X, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Open file number X. A$ is the mode: "I", "O", "A", "R". B$ is the file name. Default the record length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = OPEN( A$, X, B$, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Open file number X. A$ is the mode: "I", "O", "A", "R". B$ is the file name. Y is the record length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = OUT( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Sends Y to hardware port X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PEEK( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINLNG,MAXLNG] DESCRIPTION: The value read from hardware address X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PI DESCRIPTION: The constant 3.14159 which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POKE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINLNG,MAXLNG] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Sends Y to hardware address X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS DESCRIPTION: The current cursor position in the line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The current cursor position in the line for file X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The character position, within the value assocated with A$, of the first character of the first occurence of the value associated with B$, starting at the first character of A$. If there is not such occurence, then the value returned is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( A$, B$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The character position, within the value assocated with A$, of the first character of the first occurence of the value associated with B$, starting at the Xth character of A$. If there is not such occurence, then the value returned is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PUT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, puts the next available record. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PUT( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, puts record number Y. The first record number is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RAD( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of radians in X degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RANDOMIZE DESCRIPTION: Seeds the pseudo-random number generator with TIME. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RANDOMIZE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: Seeds the pseudo-random number generator with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = RIGHT$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The right-most X characters of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RND DESCRIPTION: The next pseudo-random number in an implementation-defined sequence of pseudo-random numbers uniformly distributed in the range 0 <= RND < 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RND( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: Returns a pseudorandom number in the range [0,1]. The value of X is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = RTRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by deleting all trailing space characters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SEG$( A$, X, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The Y characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SGN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sign of X: -1 if X < 0, 0 if X = 0, and +1 if X > 0. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SHELL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The exit code resulting from the execution of an operating system command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SIN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sine of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SLEEP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The program pauses for X times the value of OPTION SLEEP seconds. If the result is zero, negative, or more than INT_MAX then SLEEP does nothing. The resolution is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SPACE$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The string of X blank spaces. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SPC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string of X spaces. Only for use within the PRINT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SQR( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The non-negative square root of X; X shall be non-negative. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STR$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string generated by the print-statement as the numeric-representation of the value associated with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRING$( X, A$ ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of the first character of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRING$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of CHR$(Y). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRIP$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: Return the string with the eighth bit of each character cleared. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TAB( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string required to advance to column X. Only for use within the PRINT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TAN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The tangent of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TIME DESCRIPTION: The time elapsed since the previous midnight, expressed in seconds; e.g., the value of TIME at 11:15 AM is 40500. If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME shall be -1. The value of TIME at midnight shall be zero (not 86400). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TIME$ DESCRIPTION: The time of day in 24-hour notation according to ISO 3307. For example, the value of TIME$ at 11:15 AM is "11:15:00". If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME$ shall be "99:99:99". The value of TIME$ at midnight is "00:00:00". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TIMER DESCRIPTION: The time in the system clock in seconds elapsed since midnight. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TROFF DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing OFF ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TRON DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing ON ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TRUE DESCRIPTION: The value of TRUE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = UCASE$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by replacing each lower-case-letter in the string by its upper-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = UNLOCK( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Unlock file number X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = UPPER$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by replacing each lower-case-letter in the string by its upper-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = VAL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The value of the numeric-constant associated with A$, if the string associated with A$ is a numeric-constant. Leading and trailing spaces in the string are ignored. If the evaluation of the numeric-constant would result in a value which causes an underflow, then the value returned shall be zero. For example, VAL( " 123.5 " ) = 123.5, VAL( "2.E-99" ) could be zero, and VAL( "MCMXVII" ) causes an exception. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WAIT( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Waits for the value of (INP(X) AND Y) to become nonzero. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WAIT( X, Y, Z ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Z is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Waits for the value of ((INP(X) XOR Z) AND Y) to become nonzero. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WIDTH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: For console, sets the line width to X. Zero means no wrapping will occur. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WIDTH( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: If X = 0, sets the console width to Y. If X < 0, sets the printer width to Y. If X is an open file number, sets the file line width to Y. Otherwise sets the console rows to X and the line width to Y. A value of zero for Y means no wrapping will occur. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ZONE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Sets the width of the print zones. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ZONE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: X is ignored. Y sets the width of the print zones. ------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================ OPERATORS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X ^ Y DESCRIPTION: Exponential PRECEDENCE: 14 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: # X DESCRIPTION: Posation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: + X DESCRIPTION: Posation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: - X DESCRIPTION: Negation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X * Y DESCRIPTION: Multiplication PRECEDENCE: 12 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X / Y DESCRIPTION: Division PRECEDENCE: 12 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X \ Y DESCRIPTION: Integer Division PRECEDENCE: 11 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X MOD Y DESCRIPTION: Integer Modulus PRECEDENCE: 10 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X + Y DESCRIPTION: Addition PRECEDENCE: 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X - Y DESCRIPTION: Subtraction PRECEDENCE: 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X < Y DESCRIPTION: Less than PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X <= Y DESCRIPTION: Less than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X <> Y DESCRIPTION: Not Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X = Y DESCRIPTION: Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X =< Y DESCRIPTION: Less than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X => Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X > Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X >< Y DESCRIPTION: Not Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X >= Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NOT X DESCRIPTION: Bitwise NOT PRECEDENCE: 6 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X AND Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise AND PRECEDENCE: 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X OR Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise OR PRECEDENCE: 4 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X XOR Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise Exclusive OR PRECEDENCE: 3 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X EQV Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise EQV PRECEDENCE: 2 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X IMP Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise IMP PRECEDENCE: 1 ------------------------------------------------------------