============================================================ GENERAL ============================================================ OPTION VERSION "ECMA-116" REM INTERNAL ID: E86 REM DESCRIPTION: ANSI Full BASIC REM REFERENCE: STANDARD ECMA-116: Full BASIC REM by EUROPEAN COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION REM (c) 1986, EUROPEAN COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION REM http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ REM ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-116,%201st%20edition,%20June%201986.pdf REM OPTION STRICT ON OPTION ANGLE RADIANS OPTION BUGS OFF OPTION LABELS ON OPTION COMPARE BINARY OPTION COVERAGE OFF OPTION TRACE OFF OPTION ERROR GOTO OPTION IMPLICIT OPTION BASE 1 OPTION RECLEN 128 OPTION DATE "%Y-%m-%d" OPTION TIME "%H:%M:%S" OPTION PUNCT STRING "$" OPTION PUNCT DOUBLE "#" OPTION PUNCT SINGLE "!" OPTION PUNCT CURRENCY " " OPTION PUNCT LONG "&" OPTION PUNCT INTEGER "%" OPTION PUNCT BYTE " " OPTION PUNCT QUOTE """ OPTION PUNCT COMMENT "!" OPTION PUNCT STATEMENT " " OPTION PUNCT PRINT " " OPTION PUNCT INPUT " " OPTION PUNCT IMAGE " " OPTION PUNCT LPAREN "(" OPTION PUNCT RPAREN ")" OPTION PUNCT FILENUM "#" OPTION PUNCT AT " " OPTION USING DIGIT "#" OPTION USING COMMA "," OPTION USING PERIOD "." OPTION USING PLUS "+" OPTION USING MINUS "-" OPTION USING EXRAD "^" OPTION USING DOLLAR "$" OPTION USING FILLER "*" OPTION USING LITERAL "_" OPTION USING FIRST "!" OPTION USING ALL "&" OPTION USING LENGTH "%" ============================================================ COMMANDS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE constant [TO constant] DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE IF operator constant DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE IS operator constant DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE ELSE DESCRIPTION: Introduces a default SELECT CASE element. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: COMMON variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Designates variables to be passed to a CHAINed program. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DATA constant [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Stores numeric and string constants to be accessed by READ. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEF FNname[( arg [,...] )] = value DESCRIPTION: Defines a single-line function. Single-line functions require an equal sign. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DIM [# filenum,] variable([ lower TO ] upper) DESCRIPTION: Declares variables and specifies the dimensions of array variables. For array variables, if the lower bound is not provided, then the OPTION BASE value is used. If filenum is provided, then the variable is virtual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is non-zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. If the loop is not terminated by EXIT DO or LOOP UNTIL or LOOP WHILE, then it will loop forever. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EDIT DESCRIPTION: implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ELSE DESCRIPTION: Introduces a default condition in a multi-line IF statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ELSEIF DESCRIPTION: Introduces a secondary condition in a multi-line IF statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END DESCRIPTION: Terminates program execution. If the BASIC program was executed from the operating system level, then control returns to the operating system, oterwise control reuturns to the BASIC prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END FUNCTION DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line FUNCTION definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END IF DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line IF definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END SELECT DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SELECT CASE definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END SUB DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SUB definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT DO DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most DO-LOOP strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT FOR DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most FOR-NEXT strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT FUNCTION DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line FUNCTION strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT SUB DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line SUB strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT WHILE DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most WHILE-END strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FOR variable = start TO finish [STEP increment] DESCRIPTION: Top of a FOR - NEXT structure. The loop will continue a fixed number of times, which is determined by the values of start, finish, and increment. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FUNCTION [ ( parameter [, ... ] ) ] DESCRIPTION: Top line of a multi-line FUNCTION definition. The variable names specified are local to the FUNCTION definition, and are initialized BYVAL when the function is invoked by another routine. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO SUB line DESCRIPTION: Initiates a subroutine call to the line specified. The subroutine must end with RETURN. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO TO line DESCRIPTION: Branches program execution to the specified line. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GOSUB line DESCRIPTION: Initiates a subroutine call to the line specified. The subroutine must end with RETURN. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GOTO line DESCRIPTION: Branches program execution to the specified line. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: IF value THEN line1 [ELSE line2] DESCRIPTION: Single line standard IF command. If the value is non-zero, then branh to line1. If the value is zero and ELSE is provided, then branch to line2. Otherwise continue to the next line. LABELS are not allowed. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: IF value THEN DESCRIPTION: Top of a multi-line IF - END IF structure. If the value is non-zero, then the program lines upto the next ELSE or ELSE IF command are executed, otherwise the program branches to the next ELSE or ELSE IF command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT "prompt string" , variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the terminal after displaying a prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT # filenum , variable [, ...]s DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the file specified by filenum. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the terminal. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: [LET] variable [, ...] = value DESCRIPTION: Assigns the value to the variable. The LET keyword is optional. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LIST line1 [- line2] DESCRIPTION: Lists BASIC program lines from line1 to line2 to the console on stdout. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOAD [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Loads an ASCII BASIC program into memory. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is nonz-zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. If the loop is not terminated by EXIT DO or DO UNTIL or DO WHILE, then it will loop forever. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LPRINT [USING format-string$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Send output to the printer (stderr). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DESCRIPTION: This command is reserved for use by the Bywater BASIC maintainer. It is not for the BASIC programmer. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS HTML DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND vs VERSION as HTML table ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS ID DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND #define. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND manual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS_SWITCH DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND switch. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS TABLE DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG OFF DESCRIPTION: Disable degug tracing. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG ON DESCRIPTION: Enable degug tracing. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS HTML DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION vs VERSION as HTML table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS ID DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION #define. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION manual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS SWITCH DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION switch. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS TABLE DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump manual for the currently selected OPTION VERSION. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER STACK DESCRIPTION: Dump the BASIC stack. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NEW DESCRIPTION: Deletes the program in memory and clears all variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NEXT [variable] DESCRIPTION: The bottom line of a FOR - NEXT structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OF DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON value GOSUB line [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Calls based on the rounded value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON value GOTO line [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Branches based on the rounded value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE DEGREES DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in degrees: ACOS, ACS, ANGLE, ARCSIN, ASIN, ASN, ARCTAN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE GRADIANS DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in gradians: ACOS, ANGLE, ASIN, ASN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE RADIANS DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in radians: ACOS, ANGLE, ASIN, ASN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC DECIMAL DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC FIXED DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC NATIVE DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BASE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the default lowest array subscript. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS BOOLEAN DESCRIPTION: Boolean results are 1 or 0 instead of bitwise. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables bugs commonly found in many BASIC dialects. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS ON DESCRIPTION: Enables bugs commonly found in many BASIC dialects. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE BINARY DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-sensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE DATABASE DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-insensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE TEXT DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-insensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables BASIC code coverage recording, displayed using the LIST command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE ON DESCRIPTION: Enables BASIC code coverage recording, displayed using the LIST command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DATE format$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the date format string used by C strftime() for DATE$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DIGITS integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the number of significant digits for PRINT. Setting the value to zero restores the default. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE COMMAND name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE FUNCTION name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC function. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE OPERATOR name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC operator. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EDIT string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the EDIT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE COMMAND name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE FUNCTION name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC function. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE OPERATOR name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC operator. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR GOSUB DESCRIPTION: When an error occurs, GOSUB to the error handler. The error handler exits with RETURN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR GOTO DESCRIPTION: When an error occurs, GOTO to the error handler. The error handler exits with RESUME. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EXPLICIT DESCRIPTION: All variables must be declared using DIM. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EXTENSION string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the BASIC filename extension, commonly ".bas". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION FILES string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the FILES command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION IMPLICIT DESCRIPTION: Variables need not be declared using DIM, provided arrays have no more that 10 elements. This is the opposite of OPTION EXPLICIT, and is the default for all versions of BASIC. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION INDENT integer DESCRIPTION: Sets indention level for LIST. Zero means no indention. Default is 2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables text labels. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS ON DESCRIPTION: Enables text labels. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PROMPT string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the BASIC prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT AT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the PRINT AT character, commonly "@". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT BYTE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type BYTE, commonly "~". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT COMMENT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut COMMENT character. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT CURRENCY char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type CURRENCY, commonly "@". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT DOUBLE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type DOUBLE, commonly "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT FILENUM char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the FILE NUMBER prefix character, commonly "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT IMAGE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut IMAGE character, commonly ":". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT INPUT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut INPUT character, commonly "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT INTEGER char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type INTEGER, commonly "%". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT LONG char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type LONG, commonly "&". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT LPAREN char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the LEFT PARENTHESIS character, commonly "(". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT_PRINT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut PRINT character, commonly "?". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT QUOTE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the QUOTE character, commonly """ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT RPAREN char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the RIGHT PARENTHESIS character, commonly ")". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT SINGLE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type SINGLE, commonly "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT STATEMENT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the statement seperator character, commonly ":". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT STRING char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type STRING, commonly "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION RECLEN integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the default RANDOM record length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION RENUM string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the RENUM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND BANK DESCRIPTION: Round using the Banker rule. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND MATH DESCRIPTION: Round using mathematical rules. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND TRUNCATE DESCRIPTION: Round using truncation. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION SCALE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the number of digits to round after the decimal point for PRINT. Setting the value to zero disables rounding. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION SLEEP double DESCRIPTION: Sets multiplier for SLEEP and WAIT. Zero means no waiting. Default is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDERR filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDERR, which is used by LPRINT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDIN filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDIN, which is used by INPUT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDOUT filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDOUT, which is used by PRINT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables checking for implicit array creation without using the DIM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT ON DESCRIPTION: Enables checking for implicit array creation without using the DIM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL ADM DESCRIPTION: Enables ADM-3A terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL ANSI DESCRIPTION: Enables ANSI terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL NONE DESCRIPTION: Disables terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TIME format$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the time format string used by C strftime() for TIME$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables displaying a stack trace when an ERROR occurs. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE ON DESCRIPTION: Enables displaying a stack trace when an ERROR occurs. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING ALL char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic ALL character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "&". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING COMMA char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic COMMA character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is ",". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DIGIT char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic DIGIT character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DOLLAR char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic DOLLAR character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING EXRAD char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic EXRAD character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "^". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING FILLER char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic FILLER character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "*". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING FIRST char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic FIRST character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING LENGTH char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic LENGTH character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "\". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING LITERAL char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic LITERAL character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "_". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING MINUS char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic MINUS character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "-". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING PERIOD char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic PERIOD character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is ".". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING PLUS char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic PLUS character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "+". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION VERSION version$ DESCRIPTION: Selects a specific BASIC version, which is a combination of OPTION settings, commands, functions and operators. If no version is specified, displays a list of the available versions. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ZONE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the PRINT zone width. Setting the value to zero restores the default. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PRINT # filenum , [USING format$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Sends output to a file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PRINT [USING format$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Sends output to the screen. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: QUIT DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: READ variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads values from DATA statements. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: REM ... DESCRIPTION: Remark. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESTORE [line] DESCRIPTION: Resets the line used for the next READ statement. line may be either a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RETURN DESCRIPTION: Concludes a subroutine called by GOSUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN filename$ DESCRIPTION: Loads a new BAASIC program and executes the program from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN line DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory beginning at line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SAVE [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Saves the current program into the file filename$ in ASCII format. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SELECT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SELECT CASE value DESCRIPTION: Introduces a multi-line conditional selection statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: STEP DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: STOP DESCRIPTION: Interrupts program execution and displays the line number of the STOP command. For use when debugging BASIC programs. Whether STOP issues a SIGINT signal is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUB name [ ( parameter [,...] ) ] DESCRIPTION: Top line of a multi-line SUB definition. The variable names specified are local to the SUB definition, and are initialized BYVAL when the subroutine is invoked by another routine. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: THEN DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TO DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================ FUNCTIONS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ABS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The absolute value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ACOS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arccosine of X in radians, where 0 <= ACOS(X) <= PI. X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ANGLE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The angle in radians between the positive x-axis and the vector joining the origin to the point with coordinates (X, Y), where -PI < ANGLE(X,Y) <= PI. X and Y must not both be 0. Note that the counterclockwise is positive, e.g., ANGLE(1,1) = 45 degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASC( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The numeric code for the first letter in A$. For example, ASC("ABC") returns 65 on ASCII systems. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASIN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arcsine of X in radians, where -PI/2 <= ASIN(X) <= PI/2; X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ATN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arctangent of X in radians, i.e. the angle whose tangent is X, where -PI/2 < ATN(X) < PI/2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CEIL( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The smallest integer not less than X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CHR$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The one-character string with the character corresponding to the numeric code X. On ASCII systems, CHR$(65) returns "A". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cosine of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COSH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic cosine of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cotangent of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CSC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cosecant of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DATE DESCRIPTION: The current date in decimal form YYYDDD, where YYY are the number of years since 1900 and DDD is the ordinal number of the current day of the year; e.g., the value of DATE on May 9, 1977 was 77129. If there is no calendar available, then the value of DATE shall be -1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = DATE$ DESCRIPTION: The current date based on the internal clock as a string in the format set by OPTION DATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DEG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of degrees in X radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = EPS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The maximum of (X-X1,X2-X, sigma) where X1 and X2 are the predecessor and successor of X and signma is the smallest positive value representable. If X has no predecessor the X1=X and if X has no successor the X2=X. Note EPS(0) is the smallest positive number representable by the implementation, and is therefor implementation-defined. Note also that EPS may produce different results for different arithmetic options (see OPTION ARITHMETIC). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = EXP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The exponential value of X, i.e., the value of the base of natural logarithms (e = 2.71828) raised to the power of X; if EXP(X) is less that machine infinitesimal, then its value shall be replaced with zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FIX( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The truncated integer, part of X. FIX (X) is equivalent to SGN(X)*INT(ABS(X)). The major difference between FIX and INT is that FIX does not return the next lower number for negative X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The fractional part of X, i.e. X - IP(X). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The largest integer not greater than X; e.g. INT(1.3) = 1 and INT(-1.3) = 2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = IP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The integer part of X, i.e., SGN(X)*INT(ABS(X)). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LBOUND( ... ) DESCRIPTION: LBOUND( arrayname [, dimension] ). The lower bound of the array. The dimension defaults to 1. dimension in [1,DIM(arrayname)] ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LCASE$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters from the value associatedwith A$ by replacing each upper-case-letter in the string by its lower-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LEFT$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The X left-most characters of A$, beginning from postion 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LEN( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The length of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The location of file X; the next record that GET or PUT statements will use. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOF( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The length of file X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The natural logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG10( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The common logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG2( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The base 2 logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LTRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by deleting all leading space characters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAX( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The larger of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXLEN DESCRIPTION: The maximum string length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXLEN( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The maximum length associated with the simple-string-variable A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXNUM DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable and manipulable by the implementation; implementation-defined. MAXNUM may represent diffent number for different arithmetic options (see OPTION ARITHMETIC). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MID$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MID$( A$, X, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The Y characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MIN( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The smaller of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MOD( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number, <> 0 DESCRIPTION: X modulo Y, i.e., X-Y*INT(X/Y). Y shall not equal zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = NUM$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string generated by the print-statement as the numeric-representation of the value associated with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ORD( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The ordinal position of the character named by the string associated with A$ in the collating sequence of ASCII character set, where the first member of the character set is in position zero. The acceptable values for the standard character set are shown in Table 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PI DESCRIPTION: The constant 3.14159 which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The character position, within the value assocated with A$, of the first character of the first occurence of the value associated with B$, starting at the first character of A$. If there is not such occurence, then the value returned is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( A$, B$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The character position, within the value assocated with A$, of the first character of the first occurence of the value associated with B$, starting at the Xth character of A$. If there is not such occurence, then the value returned is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RAD( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of radians in X degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RANDOMIZE DESCRIPTION: Seeds the pseudo-random number generator with TIME. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RANDOMIZE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: Seeds the pseudo-random number generator with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = REMAINDER( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number, <> 0 DESCRIPTION: The remainder function, i.e., X-Y*IP(X/Y). Y shall not equal zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = RIGHT$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The right-most X characters of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RND DESCRIPTION: The next pseudo-random number in an implementation-defined sequence of pseudo-random numbers uniformly distributed in the range 0 <= RND < 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RND( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: Returns a pseudorandom number in the range [0,1]. The value of X is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ROUND( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The value of X rounded to Y decimal digits to the right of the decimal point (or -Y digits to the left if Y < 0); i.e., INT(X*10^Y+.5)/10^Y. Y must be in [-32,32]. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = RTRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by deleting all trailing space characters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SEC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The secant of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SEEK( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The location of file X; the next record that GET or PUT statements will use. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SGN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sign of X: -1 if X < 0, 0 if X = 0, and +1 if X > 0. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SIN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sine of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SINH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic sine of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SIZE( ... ) DESCRIPTION: SIZE( arrayname ). The total number of items in the array. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SPC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string of X spaces. Only for use within the PRINT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SQR( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The non-negative square root of X; X shall be non-negative. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STR$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string generated by the print-statement as the numeric-representation of the value associated with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRING$( X, A$ ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of the first character of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRING$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of CHR$(Y). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TAB( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string required to advance to column X. Only for use within the PRINT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TAN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The tangent of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TANH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic tangent of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TIME DESCRIPTION: The time elapsed since the previous midnight, expressed in seconds; e.g., the value of TIME at 11:15 AM is 40500. If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME shall be -1. The value of TIME at midnight shall be zero (not 86400). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TIME$ DESCRIPTION: The time of day in 24-hour notation according to ISO 3307. For example, the value of TIME$ at 11:15 AM is "11:15:00". If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME$ shall be "99:99:99". The value of TIME$ at midnight is "00:00:00". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string resulting from removing both leading and trailing spaces from A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TROFF DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing OFF ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TRON DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing ON ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TRUNCATE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The value of X truncated to Y decimal digits to the right of the decimal point (or -Y digits to the left if Y < 0); i.e., IP(X*10^Y)/10^Y. Y in [-32,32]. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = UBOUND( ... ) DESCRIPTION: UBOUND( arrayname [, dimension] ). The upper bound of the array. The dimension defaults to 1. dimension in [1,DIM(arrayname)] ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = UCASE$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by replacing each lower-case-letter in the string by its upper-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = VAL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The value of the numeric-constant associated with A$, if the string associated with A$ is a numeric-constant. Leading and trailing spaces in the string are ignored. If the evaluation of the numeric-constant would result in a value which causes an underflow, then the value returned shall be zero. For example, VAL( " 123.5 " ) = 123.5, VAL( "2.E-99" ) could be zero, and VAL( "MCMXVII" ) causes an exception. ------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================ OPERATORS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X ^ Y DESCRIPTION: Exponential PRECEDENCE: 14 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: # X DESCRIPTION: Posation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: + X DESCRIPTION: Posation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: - X DESCRIPTION: Negation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X * Y DESCRIPTION: Multiplication PRECEDENCE: 12 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X / Y DESCRIPTION: Division PRECEDENCE: 12 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X \ Y DESCRIPTION: Integer Division PRECEDENCE: 11 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X + Y DESCRIPTION: Addition PRECEDENCE: 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X - Y DESCRIPTION: Subtraction PRECEDENCE: 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X < Y DESCRIPTION: Less than PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X <= Y DESCRIPTION: Less than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X <> Y DESCRIPTION: Not Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X = Y DESCRIPTION: Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X =< Y DESCRIPTION: Less than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X => Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X > Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X >< Y DESCRIPTION: Not Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X >= Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NOT X DESCRIPTION: Bitwise NOT PRECEDENCE: 6 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X AND Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise AND PRECEDENCE: 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X OR Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise OR PRECEDENCE: 4 ------------------------------------------------------------