============================================================ GENERAL ============================================================ OPTION VERSION "BYWATER" REM INTERNAL ID: B15 REM DESCRIPTION: Bywater BASIC 3 REM REFERENCE: Bywater BASIC Interpreter, version 3.20 REM by Ted A. Campbell, Jon B. Volkoff, Paul Edwards, et al. REM (c) 2014-2017, Howard Wulf, AF5NE REM http://wwww.sourceforge.net/bwbasic/ REM bwbasic-3.20.zip REM OPTION STRICT OFF OPTION ANGLE RADIANS OPTION BUGS ON OPTION LABELS ON OPTION COMPARE BINARY OPTION COVERAGE OFF OPTION TRACE ON OPTION ERROR GOTO OPTION IMPLICIT OPTION BASE 0 OPTION RECLEN 128 OPTION DATE "%m/%d/%Y" OPTION TIME "%H:%M:%S" OPTION PUNCT STRING "$" OPTION PUNCT DOUBLE "#" OPTION PUNCT SINGLE "!" OPTION PUNCT CURRENCY "@" OPTION PUNCT LONG "&" OPTION PUNCT INTEGER "%" OPTION PUNCT BYTE "~" OPTION PUNCT QUOTE """ OPTION PUNCT COMMENT "'" OPTION PUNCT STATEMENT ":" OPTION PUNCT PRINT "?" OPTION PUNCT INPUT " " OPTION PUNCT IMAGE " " OPTION PUNCT LPAREN "(" OPTION PUNCT RPAREN ")" OPTION PUNCT FILENUM "#" OPTION PUNCT AT "@" OPTION USING DIGIT "#" OPTION USING COMMA "," OPTION USING PERIOD "." OPTION USING PLUS "+" OPTION USING MINUS "-" OPTION USING EXRAD "^" OPTION USING DOLLAR "$" OPTION USING FILLER "*" OPTION USING LITERAL "_" OPTION USING FIRST "!" OPTION USING ALL "&" OPTION USING LENGTH "\" ============================================================ COMMANDS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: APPEND filename$ DESCRIPTION: Merges the BASIC program in filename$ into the current BASIC program; lines in filename$ replace any matching lines in the current program. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: AS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: AUTO [start [, increment]] DESCRIPTION: Automatic line numbering for manual program entry. If the line already exists, then an asterisk is displayed and pressing ENTER leaves the line as-is. If the line does not exist, then an asterisk is not displayed and pressing ENTER terminates AUTO mode. Regardless whether the line exists, entering the command MAN will terminate AUTO mode. AUTO mode is also terminated by any ERROR or by pressing control-C. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: BREAK line [, ...]] DESCRIPTION: Diagnostic command to stop execution at the specified line(s). BREAK only applies to user-numbered lines. For multi-statement lines, BREAK only applies to the first statement. BREAK effectively inserts a hidden STOP command immediately after the line number. Once a BREAK occurrs on a specified line, it is automatically removed. To remove all existing BREAKs, execute BREAK without any line numbers. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: BYE DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CALL subname( [parameter [, ...] ] ) DESCRIPTION: Calls a subroutine that was defined by SUB and END SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE constant [TO constant] DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE IF operator constant DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE IS operator constant DESCRIPTION: Introduces an element of a SELECT CASE statement. Multiple tests must be seperated a comma. For example: CASE 1, 2 TO 3, IS > 4, IF < 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CASE ELSE DESCRIPTION: Introduces a default SELECT CASE element. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CHAIN filename$ [, linenumber] DESCRIPTION: Load and execute another BASIC program, without clearing common variables. For System/370, the syntax is CHAIN filename$,parameter$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CHANGE A$ TO X DESCRIPTION: Changes a string to a numeric array. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CHANGE X TO A$ DESCRIPTION: Changes a numeric array to a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CLEAR DESCRIPTION: Sets all numeric variables to 0, and all string variables to empty strings. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CLOAD [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Loads an ASCII BASIC program into memory. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CLOAD* arrayname DESCRIPTION: Loads a numeric array from a file saved using CSAVE*. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CMDS DESCRIPTION: Prints a list of all implemented BASIC commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: COMMON variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Designates variables to be passed to a CHAINed program. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CONST variable [, ...] = value DESCRIPTION: Assigns the value to variable. Any later assignment to the variable causus a VARIABLE NOT DECLARED error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CONT DESCRIPTION: Continue a BASIC program after a STOP has been executed. Program resumes at the line after the STOP. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CSAVE [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Saves the current program into the file filename$ in ASCII format. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: CSAVE* ArrayName DESCRIPTION: Saves a numeric array into a file for later loading by CLOAD*. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DATA constant [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Stores numeric and string constants to be accessed by READ. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEF FNname[( arg [,...] )] = value DESCRIPTION: Defines a single-line function. Single-line functions require an equal sign. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEF FNname[( arg [,...] )] DESCRIPTION: Defines a multiline function. Multi-line DEF functions do not have an equal sign and must end with FNEND. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFBYT letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFCUR letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFDBL letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFINT letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFLNG letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFSNG letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as numeric variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DEFSTR letter[-letter] [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Declares variables with single-letter names as string variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DELETE line [- line] DESCRIPTION: Deletes program lines indicated by the argument(s). All program lines have a number, which is visible with the LIST command. If line numbers are not provided, they are assigned beginning with 1. Deleting a non-existing line does not cause an error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DIM [# filenum,] variable([ lower TO ] upper) DESCRIPTION: Declares variables and specifies the dimensions of array variables. For array variables, if the lower bound is not provided, then the OPTION BASE value is used. If filenum is provided, then the variable is virtual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is non-zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. If the loop is not terminated by EXIT DO or LOOP UNTIL or LOOP WHILE, then it will loop forever. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DO WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Top of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: DSP variable [, ...]] DESCRIPTION: Diagnostic command to display the value every time the variable is assigned. To remove all existing DSPs, execute DSP without any variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EDIT DESCRIPTION: implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ELSE DESCRIPTION: Introduces a default condition in a multi-line IF statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ELSEIF DESCRIPTION: Introduces a secondary condition in a multi-line IF statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END DESCRIPTION: Terminates program execution. If the BASIC program was executed from the operating system level, then control returns to the operating system, oterwise control reuturns to the BASIC prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END FUNCTION DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line FUNCTION definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END IF DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line IF definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END SELECT DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SELECT CASE definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: END SUB DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SUB definition. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ERASE variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Eliminates arrayed variables from a program. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXCHANGE variable, variable DESCRIPTION: Swaps the values of two variables. Both variables must be of the same type. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT DO DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most DO-LOOP strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT FOR DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most FOR-NEXT strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT FUNCTION DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line FUNCTION strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT REPEAT DESCRIPTION: Exit a REPEAT - UNTIL structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT SUB DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most multi-line SUB strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: EXIT WHILE DESCRIPTION: Immediately exits the inner-most WHILE-END strucure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FIELD [#] filenum, number AS variable$ [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Assigns number bytes in the buffer of random file filenum to the variable variable$. GET will automatically update the variable, and PUT will automatically use the variable. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FNCS DESCRIPTION: Prints a list of all pre-defined BASIC functions. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FNEND DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line DEF function. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FOR variable = start TO finish [STEP increment] DESCRIPTION: Top of a FOR - NEXT structure. The loop will continue a fixed number of times, which is determined by the values of start, finish, and increment. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: FUNCTION [ ( parameter [, ... ] ) ] DESCRIPTION: Top line of a multi-line FUNCTION definition. The variable names specified are local to the FUNCTION definition, and are initialized BYVAL when the function is invoked by another routine. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO SUB line DESCRIPTION: Initiates a subroutine call to the line specified. The subroutine must end with RETURN. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GO TO line DESCRIPTION: Branches program execution to the specified line. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GOODBYE DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GOSUB line DESCRIPTION: Initiates a subroutine call to the line specified. The subroutine must end with RETURN. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: GOTO line DESCRIPTION: Branches program execution to the specified line. The line may be a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: HELP name DESCRIPTION: Provides help on the specified name which is a command name or function name. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: IF value THEN line1 [ELSE line2] DESCRIPTION: Single line standard IF command. If the value is non-zero, then branh to line1. If the value is zero and ELSE is provided, then branch to line2. Otherwise continue to the next line. LABELS are not allowed. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: IF value THEN DESCRIPTION: Top of a multi-line IF - END IF structure. If the value is non-zero, then the program lines upto the next ELSE or ELSE IF command are executed, otherwise the program branches to the next ELSE or ELSE IF command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT "prompt string" , variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the terminal after displaying a prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT # filenum , variable [, ...]s DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the file specified by filenum. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads input from the terminal. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT LINE variable$ DESCRIPTION: Reads entire line from the terminal into variable$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT LINE # filenum , variable$ DESCRIPTION: Reads entire line from a file into variable$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: INPUT LINE "prompt string" , variable$ DESCRIPTION: Reads entire line from the terminal into variable$ after displaying a prompt ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: [LET] variable [, ...] = value DESCRIPTION: Assigns the value to the variable. The LET keyword is optional. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LINE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LINE INPUT [[#] filenum,]["prompt string";] variable$ DESCRIPTION: Reads entire line from the keyboard or a file into variable$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LIST line1 [- line2] DESCRIPTION: Lists BASIC program lines from line1 to line2 to the console on stdout. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LISTNH line1 [- line2] DESCRIPTION: Lists BASIC program lines from line1 to line2 to the console on stdout. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LLIST line1 [- line2] DESCRIPTION: Lists BASIC program lines from line1 to line2 to the printer on stderr. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOAD [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Loads an ASCII BASIC program into memory. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is nonz-zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. Exits when value is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LOOP DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a DO - LOOP structure. If the loop is not terminated by EXIT DO or DO UNTIL or DO WHILE, then it will loop forever. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LPRINT [USING format-string$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Send output to the printer (stderr). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: LSET variable$ = value DESCRIPTION: Left-aligns the value into variable$. If the length of the value is too short, then it is padded on the right with spaces. If the length of the value is too long, then it is truncated on the right. This is only for use with variables assigned to a random access buffer with FIELD command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DESCRIPTION: This command is reserved for use by the Bywater BASIC maintainer. It is not for the BASIC programmer. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS HTML DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND vs VERSION as HTML table ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS ID DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND #define. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND manual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS_SWITCH DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND switch. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER CMDS TABLE DESCRIPTION: Dump COMMAND table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG OFF DESCRIPTION: Disable degug tracing. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER DEBUG ON DESCRIPTION: Enable degug tracing. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS HTML DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION vs VERSION as HTML table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS ID DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION #define. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION manual. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS SWITCH DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION switch. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER FNCS TABLE DESCRIPTION: Dump FUNCTION table. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER MANUAL DESCRIPTION: Dump manual for the currently selected OPTION VERSION. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MAINTAINER STACK DESCRIPTION: Dump the BASIC stack. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MARGIN # filenumber, width DESCRIPTION: Sets the file margin for writing; filenumber <= 0 is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MERGE filename$ DESCRIPTION: Merges the BASIC program in filename$ into the current BASIC program. Lines in filename$ replace any matching lines in the current program. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: MID$( variable$, start [, count ] ) = value DESCRIPTION: Replaces a subtring of variable$ with value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NAME old$ AS new$ DESCRIPTION: Changes the name of an existing file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NEW DESCRIPTION: Deletes the program in memory and clears all variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NEXT [variable] DESCRIPTION: The bottom line of a FOR - NEXT structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OF DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON value GOSUB line [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Calls based on the rounded value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON value GOTO line [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Branches based on the rounded value. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR GOSUB errline DESCRIPTION: When a trappable error occurs, execute GOSUB errline. The error handler must terminate with a RETURN command. If the line number is 0 (zerp), then use the default error handler. Valid when OPTION ERROR GOSUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR GOTO errline DESCRIPTION: When a trappable error occurs, execute GOTO errline. The error handler must terminate with a RESUME command. If the line number is 0 (zerp), then use the default error handler. Valid when OPTION ERROR GOTO. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR RESUME DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR RESUME NEXT DESCRIPTION: When a trappable error occurs, execution continues with the next line. Valid when OPTION ERROR GOTO. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR RETURN DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON ERROR RETURN NEXT DESCRIPTION: When a trappable error occurs, execution continues with the next line. Valid when OPTION ERROR GOSUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: ON TIMER count GOSUB line DESCRIPTION: Specifies a line (or label) to gosub when count seconds have elaspsed after TIMER ON is executed. The interrupt routine should end with a RETURN command. Timer events only occur in running BASIC programs. The resolution of the clock is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPEN filename$ FOR INPUT|OUTPUT|APPEND|BINARY|RANDOM|VIRTUAL AS [#] fileenumber [LEN [=] record-length] DESCRIPTION: Opens a file for use. RANDOM requires LEN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE DEGREES DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in degrees: ACOS, ACS, ANGLE, ARCSIN, ASIN, ASN, ARCTAN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE GRADIANS DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in gradians: ACOS, ANGLE, ASIN, ASN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ANGLE RADIANS DESCRIPTION: Configures these math functions to accept and return angles in radians: ACOS, ANGLE, ASIN, ASN, ATN, ATAN, COS, COT, CSC, SEC, SIN and TAN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC DECIMAL DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC FIXED DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ARITHMETIC NATIVE DESCRIPTION: Currently has no effect. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BASE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the default lowest array subscript. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS BOOLEAN DESCRIPTION: Boolean results are 1 or 0 instead of bitwise. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables bugs commonly found in many BASIC dialects. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION BUGS ON DESCRIPTION: Enables bugs commonly found in many BASIC dialects. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE BINARY DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-sensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE DATABASE DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-insensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COMPARE TEXT DESCRIPTION: Causes string comparisons to be case-insensitive. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables BASIC code coverage recording, displayed using the LIST command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION COVERAGE ON DESCRIPTION: Enables BASIC code coverage recording, displayed using the LIST command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DATE format$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the date format string used by C strftime() for DATE$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DIGITS integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the number of significant digits for PRINT. Setting the value to zero restores the default. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE COMMAND name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE FUNCTION name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC function. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION DISABLE OPERATOR name$ DESCRIPTION: Disables the specified BASIC operator. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EDIT string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the EDIT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE COMMAND name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE FUNCTION name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC function. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ENABLE OPERATOR name$ DESCRIPTION: Enables the specified BASIC operator. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR GOSUB DESCRIPTION: When an error occurs, GOSUB to the error handler. The error handler exits with RETURN. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ERROR GOTO DESCRIPTION: When an error occurs, GOTO to the error handler. The error handler exits with RESUME. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EXPLICIT DESCRIPTION: All variables must be declared using DIM. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION EXTENSION string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the BASIC filename extension, commonly ".bas". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION FILES string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the FILES command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION IMPLICIT DESCRIPTION: Variables need not be declared using DIM, provided arrays have no more that 10 elements. This is the opposite of OPTION EXPLICIT, and is the default for all versions of BASIC. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION INDENT integer DESCRIPTION: Sets indention level for LIST. Zero means no indention. Default is 2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables text labels. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION LABELS ON DESCRIPTION: Enables text labels. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PROMPT string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the BASIC prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT AT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the PRINT AT character, commonly "@". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT BYTE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type BYTE, commonly "~". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT COMMENT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut COMMENT character. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT CURRENCY char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type CURRENCY, commonly "@". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT DOUBLE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type DOUBLE, commonly "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT FILENUM char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the FILE NUMBER prefix character, commonly "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT IMAGE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut IMAGE character, commonly ":". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT INPUT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut INPUT character, commonly "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT INTEGER char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type INTEGER, commonly "%". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT LONG char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type LONG, commonly "&". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT LPAREN char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the LEFT PARENTHESIS character, commonly "(". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT_PRINT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the shortcut PRINT character, commonly "?". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT QUOTE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the QUOTE character, commonly """ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT RPAREN char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the RIGHT PARENTHESIS character, commonly ")". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT SINGLE char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type SINGLE, commonly "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT STATEMENT char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the statement seperator character, commonly ":". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION PUNCT STRING char$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the suffix character that indicates a variable is of type STRING, commonly "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION RECLEN integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the default RANDOM record length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION RENUM string$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the program name used by the RENUM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND BANK DESCRIPTION: Round using the Banker rule. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND MATH DESCRIPTION: Round using mathematical rules. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ROUND TRUNCATE DESCRIPTION: Round using truncation. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION SCALE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the number of digits to round after the decimal point for PRINT. Setting the value to zero disables rounding. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION SLEEP double DESCRIPTION: Sets multiplier for SLEEP and WAIT. Zero means no waiting. Default is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDERR filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDERR, which is used by LPRINT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDIN filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDIN, which is used by INPUT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STDOUT filename$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the file used for STDOUT, which is used by PRINT commands. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables checking for implicit array creation without using the DIM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION STRICT ON DESCRIPTION: Enables checking for implicit array creation without using the DIM command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL ADM DESCRIPTION: Enables ADM-3A terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL ANSI DESCRIPTION: Enables ANSI terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TERMINAL NONE DESCRIPTION: Disables terminal control codes for CLS, COLOR, and LOCATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TIME format$ DESCRIPTION: Sets the time format string used by C strftime() for TIME$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE OFF DESCRIPTION: Disables displaying a stack trace when an ERROR occurs. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION TRACE ON DESCRIPTION: Enables displaying a stack trace when an ERROR occurs. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING ALL char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic ALL character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "&". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING COMMA char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic COMMA character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is ",". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DIGIT char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic DIGIT character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "#". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING DOLLAR char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic DOLLAR character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING EXRAD char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic EXRAD character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "^". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING FILLER char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic FILLER character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "*". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING FIRST char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic FIRST character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "!". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING LENGTH char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic LENGTH character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "\". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING LITERAL char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic LITERAL character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "_". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING MINUS char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic MINUS character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "-". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING PERIOD char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic PERIOD character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is ".". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION USING PLUS char$ DESCRIPTION: Specifies the magic PLUS character for the PRINT USING command. A common value is "+". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION VERSION version$ DESCRIPTION: Selects a specific BASIC version, which is a combination of OPTION settings, commands, functions and operators. If no version is specified, displays a list of the available versions. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: OPTION ZONE integer DESCRIPTION: Sets the PRINT zone width. Setting the value to zero restores the default. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: POP DESCRIPTION: Pops one GOSUB from the return stack. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PRINT # filenum , [USING format$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Sends output to a file. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: PRINT [USING format$;] value ... DESCRIPTION: Sends output to the screen. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: QUIT DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: READ variable [, ...] DESCRIPTION: Reads values from DATA statements. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RECALL ArrayName DESCRIPTION: Loads a numeric array from a file saved using STORE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: REM ... DESCRIPTION: Remark. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RENUM DESCRIPTION: Implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: REPEAT DESCRIPTION: Top of a REPEAT - UNTIL structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESTORE [line] DESCRIPTION: Resets the line used for the next READ statement. line may be either a number or a label. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to ERL. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME line DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to the specified line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME NEXT DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to the line after ERL. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RESUME 0 DESCRIPTION: Used in an error handler to specify the next line to execute. Branch to ERL. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RETURN DESCRIPTION: Concludes a subroutine called by GOSUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RSET variable$ = value DESCRIPTION: Right-aligns the value into variable$. If the length of the value is too short, then it is padded on the left with spaces. If the length of the value is too long, then it is truncated on the right. This is only for use with variables assigned to a random access buffer with FIELD command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN filename$ DESCRIPTION: Loads a new BAASIC program and executes the program from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN line DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory beginning at line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUN DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUNNH line DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory beginning at line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUNNH filename$ DESCRIPTION: Loads a new BAASIC program and executes the program from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: RUNNH DESCRIPTION: Executes the program in memory from the start. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SAVE [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Saves the current program into the file filename$ in ASCII format. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SELECT DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SELECT CASE value DESCRIPTION: Introduces a multi-line conditional selection statement. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: STEP DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: STOP DESCRIPTION: Interrupts program execution and displays the line number of the STOP command. For use when debugging BASIC programs. Whether STOP issues a SIGINT signal is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: STORE ArrayName DESCRIPTION: Saves a numeric array into a file for later loading by RECALL. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUB name [ ( parameter [,...] ) ] DESCRIPTION: Top line of a multi-line SUB definition. The variable names specified are local to the SUB definition, and are initialized BYVAL when the subroutine is invoked by another routine. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SUBEND DESCRIPTION: Specifies the last line of a multi-line SUB definition. Same as END SUB. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SWAP variable, variable DESCRIPTION: Swaps the values of two variables. Both variables must be of the same type. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: Exits to the operating system. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: THEN DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TIMER DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TIMER OFF DESCRIPTION: TIMER OFF terminates the timer interrupt. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TIMER ON DESCRIPTION: TIMER ON enables the timer interrupt. When the specified seconds have elapsed, TIMER STOP is internaly executed before the interrupt is taken. TIMER ON should be executed just before the RETURN command if you want the interrupt to occur again. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TIMER STOP DESCRIPTION: TIMER STOP disables the interrupt, but the count continues. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TLOAD [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Loads an ASCII BASIC program into memory. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TO DESCRIPTION: Syntax Error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: TSAVE [filename$] DESCRIPTION: Saves the current program into the file filename$ in ASCII format. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: UNTIL value DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a REPEAT - UNTIL. If the value is non-zero, then the loop is terminated. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: VARS DESCRIPTION: Prints a list of all global variables. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WEND DESCRIPTION: Bottom of a WHILE - WEND structure. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WHILE value DESCRIPTION: Top of a WHILE - WEND structure. If the value is non-zero, then the loop is terminated. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WRITE # filenum, value [, .... ] DESCRIPTION: Outputs value to a file. Strings are quoted and each value is seperated by a omma. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: WRITE value [, .... ] DESCRIPTION: Outputs value to the screen. Strings are quoted and each value is seperated by a comma. ------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================ FUNCTIONS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ABS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The absolute value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ACOS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arccosine of X in radians, where 0 <= ACOS(X) <= PI. X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ACS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arccosine of X in radians, where 0 <= ACS(X) <= PI. X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ACSD( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arccosine of X in degrees, where 0 <= ACSD(X) <= 180. X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ACSG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arccosine of X in gradians, where 0 <= ACS(X) <= 200. X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ANGLE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The angle in radians between the positive x-axis and the vector joining the origin to the point with coordinates (X, Y), where -PI < ANGLE(X,Y) <= PI. X and Y must not both be 0. Note that the counterclockwise is positive, e.g., ANGLE(1,1) = 45 degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ARCSIN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arcsine of X in radians, where -PI/2 <= ARCSIN(X) <= PI/2; X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ARCTAN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arctangent of X in radians, i.e. the angle whose tangent is X, where -PI/2 < ARCTAN(X) < PI/2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ARGC DESCRIPTION: The number of parameters passed to a FUNCTION or SUB. If not in a FUNCTION or SUB, returns -1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = ARGT$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The type of the Xth parameter to a FUNCTION or SUB. If the Xth parameter is a string, then return value is "$". If the Xth parameter is a number, then return value is not "$". X in [1,ARGC]. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ARGV( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The numeric value of the Xth parameter to a FUNCTION or SUB. X in [1,ARGC] and ARGT$( X ) <> "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = ARGV$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The string value of the Xth parameter to a FUNCTION or SUB. X in [1,ARGC] and ARGT$( X ) = "$". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASC( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The numeric code for the first letter in A$. For example, ASC("ABC") returns 65 on ASCII systems. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASC( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The numeric code of the Xth character in A$. Same as ASC(MID$(A$,X)). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASCII( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The numeric code for the first letter in A$. For example, ASCII("ABC") returns 65 on ASCII systems. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASIN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arcsine of X in radians, where -PI/2 <= ASIN(X) <= PI/2; X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arcsine of X in radians, where -PI/2 <= ASN(X) <= PI/2; X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASND( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arcsine of X in degrees, where -90 <= ASN(X) <= 90; X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ASNG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arcsine of X in gradians, where -100 <= ASNG(X) <= 100; X shall be in the range -1 <= X <= 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ATAN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arctangent of X in radians, i.e. the angle whose tangent is X, where -PI/2 < ATAN(X) < PI/2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ATN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arctangent of X in radians, i.e. the angle whose tangent is X, where -PI/2 < ATN(X) < PI/2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ATND( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arctangent of X in degrees, i.e. the angle whose tangent is X, where -90 < ATND(X) < 90. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ATNG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The arctangent of X in gradians, i.e. the angle whose tangent is X, where -100 < ATND(X) < 100. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = BASE DESCRIPTION: The current OPTION BASE setting. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CCUR( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINCUR,MAXCUR] DESCRIPTION: The currency (64-bit) integer value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CDBL( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINDBL,MAXDBL] DESCRIPTION: The double-precision value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CEIL( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The smallest integer not less than X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CHAR( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The string Y bytes long consisting of CHR$(X). Same as STRING$(Y,X). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CHAR$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The one-character string with the character corresponding to the numeric code X. On ASCII systems, CHAR$(65) returns "A". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CHDIR( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Changes to the directory named to A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CHR( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The one-character string with the character corresponding to the numeric code X. On ASCII systems, CHR(65) returns "A". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CHR$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The one-character string with the character corresponding to the numeric code X. On ASCII systems, CHR$(65) returns "A". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CINT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The short (16-bit) integer value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The common logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CLK( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The time of day in 24-hour notation according to ISO 3307. For example, the value of CLK at 11:15 AM is "11:15:00". If there is no clock available, then the value of CLK shall be "99:99:99". The value of TIME$ at midnight is "00:00:00". The value of parameter X is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CLK$ DESCRIPTION: The time of day in 24-hour notation according to ISO 3307. For example, the value of TIME$ at 11:15 AM is "11:15:00". If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME$ shall be "99:99:99". The value of TIME$ at midnight is "00:00:00". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLNG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINLNG,MAXLNG] DESCRIPTION: The long (32-bit) integer value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLOG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The common logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLOSE DESCRIPTION: Close all open files. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLOSE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Close file number X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CLS DESCRIPTION: Clears the screen. Cursor is positioned at row 1, column 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CODE( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The numeric code for the first letter in A$. For example, CODE("ABC") returns 65 on ASCII systems. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COLOR( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Sets the foreground text color to X, and the background text color to Y. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = COMMAND$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The command line parameters. COMMAND$(0) is the BASIC program name. COMMAND$(1) is the first parameter after the BASIC program name, and so on. Support for parameters varies by operating system, compiler, and so on. X in [0..9] ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cosine of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COSD( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cosine of X, where X is in degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COSG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cosine of X, where X is in gradians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COSH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic cosine of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cotangent of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = COUNT DESCRIPTION: The current cursor position in the line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CSC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The cosecant of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CSH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic cosine of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CSNG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINFLT,MAXFLT] DESCRIPTION: The single-precision value of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = CUR( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Locates the cursor to row X, column Y. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVC( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(CUR) DESCRIPTION: The currency (64-bit) integer value in A$, which was created by MKC$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVD( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(DBL) DESCRIPTION: The double-precision value in A$, which was created by MKD$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVI( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(INT) DESCRIPTION: The short (16-bit) integer value in A$, which was created by MKI$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(LNG) DESCRIPTION: The long (32-bit) integer value in A$, which was created by MKL$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = CVS( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= sizeof(FLT) DESCRIPTION: The single-precision value in A$, which was created by MKS$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DATE DESCRIPTION: The current date in decimal form YYYDDD, where YYY are the number of years since 1900 and DDD is the ordinal number of the current day of the year; e.g., the value of DATE on May 9, 1977 was 77129. If there is no calendar available, then the value of DATE shall be -1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = DATE$ DESCRIPTION: The current date based on the internal clock as a string in the format set by OPTION DATE. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DEG DESCRIPTION: Configures the math functions to accept and return angles in degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DEG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of degrees in X radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DEGREE DESCRIPTION: Configures the math functions to accept and return angles in degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DEGREE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of degrees in X radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DET DESCRIPTION: The determinant of the last MAT INV. Zero means error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = DIM( ... ) DESCRIPTION: DIM( arrayname ). The total number of dimensions of the array. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ENVIRON( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Sends the environment variable expression contained in A$ to the host operating system. A$ must contain the "=" character. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = ENVIRON$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The value of the environment variable named A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = EOF( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: If device number X is at the end-of-file, then -1, otherwise 0. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = EPS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The maximum of (X-X1,X2-X, sigma) where X1 and X2 are the predecessor and successor of X and signma is the smallest positive value representable. If X has no predecessor the X1=X and if X has no successor the X2=X. Note EPS(0) is the smallest positive number representable by the implementation, and is therefor implementation-defined. Note also that EPS may produce different results for different arithmetic options (see OPTION ARITHMETIC). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERL DESCRIPTION: The line number of the most recent error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERR DESCRIPTION: The error number of the most recent error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = ERR$ DESCRIPTION: The last error message. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERRL DESCRIPTION: The line number of the most recent error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERRN DESCRIPTION: The error number of the most recent error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERROR( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Simulate the error number in X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ERROR( X, A$ ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: Simulate the error number in X, with a custom message in A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = ERROR$ DESCRIPTION: The last error message. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = EXP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The exponential value of X, i.e., the value of the base of natural logarithms (e = 2.71828) raised to the power of X; if EXP(X) is less that machine infinitesimal, then its value shall be replaced with zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FILEATTR( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, if Y = 1 then returns open mode, otherwise returns zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FILES DESCRIPTION: Displays all the file names. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FILES( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Displays all the file names matching A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FIX( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The truncated integer, part of X. FIX (X) is equivalent to SGN(X)*INT(ABS(X)). The major difference between FIX and INT is that FIX does not return the next lower number for negative X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FLOW DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing ON ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The fractional part of X, i.e. X - IP(X). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FRAC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The fractional part of X, i.e. X - IP(X). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FRE DESCRIPTION: The number of bytes of available memory. This function is provided for backward compatibility only and it always returns a fixed value of 32000. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FRE( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The number of bytes of available memory. This function is provided for backward compatibility only and it always returns a fixed value of 32000.The value of A$ is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FRE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of bytes of available memory. This function is provided for backward compatibility only and it always returns a fixed value of 32000. The value of X is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = FREEFILE DESCRIPTION: The next available file number. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = GET( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, gets the next available record. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = GET( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, gets record number Y. The first record number is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = GRAD DESCRIPTION: Configures the math functions to accept and return angles in gradians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = GRADIAN DESCRIPTION: Configures the math functions to accept and return angles in gradians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = HEX$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The the hexadecimal (base 16) representation of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = HOME DESCRIPTION: Clears the screen. Cursor is positioned at row 1, column 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INDEX( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The position at which B$ occurs in A$, beginning at position 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = INKEY$ DESCRIPTION: The keypress, if available. If a keypress is not available, then immediately returns an empty string. If not supported by the platform, then always returns an empty string, so use INPUT$(1) instead. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The value read from machine port X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = INPUT$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The string of X characters, read from the terminal. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = INPUT$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The string of X characters, read from file Y. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INSTR( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The position at which B$ occurs in A$, beginning at position 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INSTR( X, A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The position at which B$ occurs in A$, beginning at position X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = INT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The largest integer not greater than X; e.g. INT(1.3) = 1 and INT(-1.3) = 2. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = IP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The integer part of X, i.e., SGN(X)*INT(ABS(X)). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = KEY DESCRIPTION: The keypress, if available. If a keypress is not available, then immediately returns an empty string. If not supported by the platform, then always returns an empty string, so use INPUT$(1) instead. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = KEY$ DESCRIPTION: The keypress, if available. If a keypress is not available, then immediately returns an empty string. If not supported by the platform, then always returns an empty string, so use INPUT$(1) instead. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = KILL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Removes the file named in A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LBOUND( ... ) DESCRIPTION: LBOUND( arrayname [, dimension] ). The lower bound of the array. The dimension defaults to 1. dimension in [1,DIM(arrayname)] ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LCASE$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters from the value associatedwith A$ by replacing each upper-case-letter in the string by its lower-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LEFT$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The X left-most characters of A$, beginning from postion 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LEN( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The length of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The location of file X; the next record that GET or PUT statements will use. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOCATE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Locates the cursor to row X, column Y. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOF( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The length of file X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The natural logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG10( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The common logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LOG2( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, > 0 DESCRIPTION: The base 2 logarithm of X; X shall be greater than zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LPOS DESCRIPTION: The current cursor position in the line for the printer. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = LTRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by deleting all leading space characters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = LWIDTH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: For printer, sets the line width to X. Zero means no wrapping will occur. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MAX( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The larger of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAX( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The larger of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXBYT DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable as a BYTE; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXCUR DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable as a CURRENCY; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXDBL DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable as a DOUBLE; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXDEV DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number useable as a FILE NUMBER; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXINT DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable as an INTEGER; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXLEN DESCRIPTION: The maximum string length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXLEN( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The maximum length associated with the simple-string-variable A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXLNG DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable as a LONG; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXLVL DESCRIPTION: The maximum stack level; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXNUM DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable and manipulable by the implementation; implementation-defined. MAXNUM may represent diffent number for different arithmetic options (see OPTION ARITHMETIC). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MAXSNG DESCRIPTION: The largest finite positive number representable as a SINGLE; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MID$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MID$( A$, X, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The Y characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MIN( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number DESCRIPTION: The smaller of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MIN( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The smaller of the parameters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MINBYT DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number representable as a BYTE; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MINCUR DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number representable as a CURRENCY; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MINDBL DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number representable as a DOUBLE; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MINDEV DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number useable as a FILE NUMBER; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MININT DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number representable as an INTEGER; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MINLNG DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number representable as a LONG; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MINNUM DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number representable and manipulable by the implementation; implementation-defined. MINNUM may represent diffent number for different arithmetic options (see OPTION ARITHMETIC). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MINSNG DESCRIPTION: The largest finite negative number representable as a SINGLE; implementation-defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKC$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINCUR,MAXCUR] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of the currency (64-bit) integer X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKD$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINDBL,MAXDBL] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = MKDIR( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Makes the directory named in A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKI$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of the short (16-bit) integer X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKL$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINLNG,MAXLNG] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of the long (32-bit) integer X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = MKS$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINFLT,MAXFLT] DESCRIPTION: The internal representation of X as a string. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = NAME( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Rename the file named A$ into B$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = NOFLOW DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing OFF ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = NULL( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Appends X null characters after each line printed by LPRINT or LLIST. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = NUM DESCRIPTION: The number of values processed by the last MAT INPUT. Zero means error. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = NUM( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The value of the numeric-constant associated with A$, if the string associated with A$ is a numeric-constant. Leading and trailing spaces in the string are ignored. If the evaluation of the numeric-constant would result in a value which causes an underflow, then the value returned shall be zero. For example, NUM( " 123.5 " ) = 123.5, NUM( "2.E-99" ) could be zero, and NUM( "MCMXVII" ) causes an exception. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = NUM$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string generated by the print-statement as the numeric-representation of the value associated with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = OCT$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The the octal (base 8) representation of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = OPEN( A$, X, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Open file number X. A$ is the mode: "I", "O", "A", "R". B$ is the file name. Default the record length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = OPEN( A$, X, B$, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 1 PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: Open file number X. A$ is the mode: "I", "O", "A", "R". B$ is the file name. Y is the record length. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ORD( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The ordinal position of the character named by the string associated with A$ in the collating sequence of ASCII character set, where the first member of the character set is in position zero. The acceptable values for the standard character set are shown in Table 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = OUT( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Sends Y to hardware port X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PAUSE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The program pauses for X times the value of OPTION SLEEP seconds. If the result is zero, negative, or more than INT_MAX then PAUSE does nothing. The resolution is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PEEK( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINLNG,MAXLNG] DESCRIPTION: The value read from hardware address X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PI DESCRIPTION: The constant 3.14159 which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PI( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The constant 3.14159 which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, times X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POKE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MINLNG,MAXLNG] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Sends Y to hardware address X. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS DESCRIPTION: The current cursor position in the line. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The current cursor position in the line for file X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( A$, B$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The character position, within the value assocated with A$, of the first character of the first occurence of the value associated with B$, starting at the first character of A$. If there is not such occurence, then the value returned is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = POS( A$, B$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: B$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The character position, within the value assocated with A$, of the first character of the first occurence of the value associated with B$, starting at the Xth character of A$. If there is not such occurence, then the value returned is zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PUT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, puts the next available record. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = PUT( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, puts record number Y. The first record number is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RAD DESCRIPTION: Configures the math functions to accept and return angles in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RAD( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The number of radians in X degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RADIAN DESCRIPTION: Configures the math functions to accept and return angles in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RANDOMIZE DESCRIPTION: Seeds the pseudo-random number generator with TIME. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RANDOMIZE( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: Seeds the pseudo-random number generator with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = REMAINDER( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number, <> 0 DESCRIPTION: The remainder function, i.e., X-Y*IP(X/Y). Y shall not equal zero. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = REPEAT$( X, A$ ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The string consisting of X copies of LEFT$(A$,1); X > 0. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = REPEAT$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The string consisting of X copies of CHR$(Y); X > 0. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RESET DESCRIPTION: Close all open files. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = RIGHT$( A$, X ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The right-most X characters of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RMDIR( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: Removes the directory named in A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RND DESCRIPTION: The next pseudo-random number in an implementation-defined sequence of pseudo-random numbers uniformly distributed in the range 0 <= RND < 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = RND( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: Returns a pseudorandom number in the range [0,1]. The value of X is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = ROUND( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The value of X rounded to Y decimal digits to the right of the decimal point (or -Y digits to the left if Y < 0); i.e., INT(X*10^Y+.5)/10^Y. Y must be in [-32,32]. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = RTRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by deleting all trailing space characters. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SEC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The secant of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SEEK( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The location of file X; the next record that GET or PUT statements will use. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SEEK( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: For file X, move to record number Y; the first record number is 1. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SEG( A$, X, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The Y characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SEG$( A$, X, Y ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 PARAMETER: X is a number, [1,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The Y characters of A$, starting from postion X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SGN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sign of X: -1 if X < 0, 0 if X = 0, and +1 if X > 0. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SHELL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The exit code resulting from the execution of an operating system command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SIN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sine of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SIND( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sine of X, where X is in degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SING( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The sine of X, where X is in gradians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SINH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic sine of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SLEEP( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The program pauses for X times the value of OPTION SLEEP seconds. If the result is zero, negative, or more than INT_MAX then SLEEP does nothing. The resolution is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SNH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic sine of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SPACE$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] DESCRIPTION: The string of X blank spaces. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = SPC( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string of X spaces. Only for use within the PRINT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = SQR( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The non-negative square root of X; X shall be non-negative. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STR( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of CHR$(Y). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STR$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string generated by the print-statement as the numeric-representation of the value associated with X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRING( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of CHR$(Y). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRING$( X, A$ ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of the first character of A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = STRING$( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,MAXLEN] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: The string X bytes long consisting of CHR$(Y). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TAB( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The string required to advance to column X. Only for use within the PRINT command. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TAN( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The tangent of X, where X is in radians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TAND( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The tangent of X, where X is in degrees. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TANG( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The tangent of X, where X is in gradians. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TANH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The hyperbolic tangent of X. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TIME DESCRIPTION: The time elapsed since the previous midnight, expressed in seconds; e.g., the value of TIME at 11:15 AM is 40500. If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME shall be -1. The value of TIME at midnight shall be zero (not 86400). ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TIME$ DESCRIPTION: The time of day in 24-hour notation according to ISO 3307. For example, the value of TIME$ at 11:15 AM is "11:15:00". If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME$ shall be "99:99:99". The value of TIME$ at midnight is "00:00:00". ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TIME$( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The time of day in 24-hour notation according to ISO 3307. For example, the value of TIME$ at 11:15 AM is "11:15:00". If there is no clock available, then the value of TIME$ shall be "99:99:99". The value of TIME$ at midnight is "00:00:00". The value of X is ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TIMER DESCRIPTION: The time in the system clock in seconds elapsed since midnight. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = TRIM$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string resulting from removing both leading and trailing spaces from A$. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TROFF DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing OFF ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TRON DESCRIPTION: Turn tracing ON ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = TRUNCATE( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number PARAMETER: Y is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] DESCRIPTION: The value of X truncated to Y decimal digits to the right of the decimal point (or -Y digits to the left if Y < 0); i.e., IP(X*10^Y)/10^Y. Y in [-32,32]. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = UBOUND( ... ) DESCRIPTION: UBOUND( arrayname [, dimension] ). The upper bound of the array. The dimension defaults to 1. dimension in [1,DIM(arrayname)] ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: S$ = UCASE$( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 0 DESCRIPTION: The string of characters resulting from the value associated with A$ by replacing each lower-case-letter in the string by its upper-case version. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = VAL( A$ ) PARAMETER: A$ is a string, LEN >= 1 DESCRIPTION: The value of the numeric-constant associated with A$, if the string associated with A$ is a numeric-constant. Leading and trailing spaces in the string are ignored. If the evaluation of the numeric-constant would result in a value which causes an underflow, then the value returned shall be zero. For example, VAL( " 123.5 " ) = 123.5, VAL( "2.E-99" ) could be zero, and VAL( "MCMXVII" ) causes an exception. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WAIT( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number DESCRIPTION: The program pauses for X times the value of OPTION SLEEP seconds. If the result is zero, negative, or more than INT_MAX then WAIT does nothing. The resolution is implementation defined. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WAIT( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Waits for the value of (INP(X) AND Y) to become nonzero. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WAIT( X, Y, Z ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] PARAMETER: Z is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: Waits for the value of ((INP(X) XOR Z) AND Y) to become nonzero. Causes ERROR 73. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WIDTH( X ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: For console, sets the line width to X. Zero means no wrapping will occur. ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: N = WIDTH( X, Y ) PARAMETER: X is a number, [MININT,MAXINT] PARAMETER: Y is a number, [0,255] DESCRIPTION: If X = 0, sets the console width to Y. If X < 0, sets the printer width to Y. If X is an open file number, sets the file line width to Y. Otherwise sets the console rows to X and the line width to Y. A value of zero for Y means no wrapping will occur. ------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================ OPERATORS ============================================================ ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X ** Y DESCRIPTION: Exponential PRECEDENCE: 14 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X [ Y DESCRIPTION: Exponential PRECEDENCE: 14 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X ^ Y DESCRIPTION: Exponential PRECEDENCE: 14 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: # X DESCRIPTION: Posation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: + X DESCRIPTION: Posation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: - X DESCRIPTION: Negation PRECEDENCE: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X * Y DESCRIPTION: Multiplication PRECEDENCE: 12 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X / Y DESCRIPTION: Division PRECEDENCE: 12 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X \ Y DESCRIPTION: Integer Division PRECEDENCE: 11 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X MOD Y DESCRIPTION: Integer Modulus PRECEDENCE: 10 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X + Y DESCRIPTION: Addition PRECEDENCE: 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X - Y DESCRIPTION: Subtraction PRECEDENCE: 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X & Y DESCRIPTION: Concatenation PRECEDENCE: 8 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X < Y DESCRIPTION: Less than PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X <= Y DESCRIPTION: Less than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X <> Y DESCRIPTION: Not Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X = Y DESCRIPTION: Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X =< Y DESCRIPTION: Less than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X => Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X > Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X >< Y DESCRIPTION: Not Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X >= Y DESCRIPTION: Greater than or Equal PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: A$ LIKE B$ DESCRIPTION: Compare A$ to the pattern in B$ PRECEDENCE: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: NOT X DESCRIPTION: Bitwise NOT PRECEDENCE: 6 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X AND Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise AND PRECEDENCE: 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X OR Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise OR PRECEDENCE: 4 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X XOR Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise Exclusive OR PRECEDENCE: 3 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X EQV Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise EQV PRECEDENCE: 2 ------------------------------------------------------------ SYNTAX: X IMP Y DESCRIPTION: Bitwise IMP PRECEDENCE: 1 ------------------------------------------------------------